The Sacred Books

Библията на Latin

There were a number of piecework translations into Latin during the period of the early Church. Collectively, these versions are known as the Vetus Latina. In the Old Testament, they follow the Greek Septuagint closely. The Greek translation was the usual source for these anonymous translators, and they reproduce its variations from the Hebrew Masoretic Text. They were never rendered independently from the Hebrew or Greek; they vary widely in readability and quality, and contain many solecisms in idiom, some by the translators themselves, others from literally translating Greek language idioms into Latin. All of these translations were made obsolete by St. Jerome's Vulgate version of the Bible. Jerome knew Hebrew, and revised and unified the Latin Bibles of the time to bring them into conformity with the Hebrew as he understood it. The liturgical Psalms, however, are often taken from the older Latin bibles. As discussed in the Vulgate article, there are several different versions of the Vulgate: the Clementine Vulgate, the Stuttgart Vulgate, the Nova Vulgata. These represent various attempts to either revise or modernise the Vulgate, or to recover Jerome's original text. In the Protestant Reformation, Theodore Beza produced a new Latin version of the Old Testament, the Apocrypha and the New Testament. However, because demand for a Latin Bible among Protestants declined steadily, Beza's translation never achieved wide circulation. Nevertheless Beza's Latin translation, with its many exegetical margin notes, influenced the translation of the famous Geneva Bible.

Latin Vulgata Clementina, 1593

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По решение на Тридентския събор, въз основа на църковното предание, на еврейски оригинали, преглед на качествени преводи от Седемдесетте (по Кодекс Ватиканус главно) и на цитати из творенията на свети отци, са правени подобрени издания (рецензии) на Вулгата, известни като:

Сикстинска Библия (1590-1592), започната по почин на папа Сикст V (откъдето иде и името й) и завършена при папа Климент VIII, и послужила за основа на почти всички следващи издания в течение на четири века, и

Климентовска Вулгата, първо издание от 1593 г., второ издание от 1598 г. - подобрени издания на Сикстинското. Широко разпространение на Климентовската Библия се получи чрез изданията за Рим (1861), в Регенсбург (1899), швейцарските издания в Инсбрук от 1906 и 1914 г. и редица други от по-ново време.

The Clementine Vulgate, 1598

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The Clementine Vulgate (Biblia Sacra Vulgatæ Editionis Sixti Quinti Pontificis Maximi iussu recognita atque edita) is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the liturgical reforms following Vatican II.

After the Reformation, when the Catholic Church strove to counter the attacks and refute the doctrines of Protestantism, the Vulgate was reaffirmed in the Council of Trent as the sole, authorized Latin text of the Bible.[32] To reinforce this declaration, the council commissioned the pope to make a standard text of the Vulgate out of the countless editions produced during the Renaissance and manuscripts produced during the Middle Ages. The actual first manifestation of this authorized text did not appear until 1590. It was sponsored by Pope Sixtus V (1585–90) and known as the Sistine Vulgate. It was based on the edition of Robertus Stephanus corrected to agree with the Greek, but it was hurried into print and suffered from many printing errors. It was soon replaced by a new edition by Clement VIII (1592–1605) who immediately ordered corrections and revisions to be made. This new revised version was based more on the Hentenian edition. It is called today the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, or simply the Clementine, although it is Sixtus’ name which appears on the title page. Clement published three printings of this edition, in 1592, 1593 and 1598.

The Clementine differed from the manuscripts on which it was ultimately based in that it grouped the various prefaces of St. Jerome together at the beginning, and it removed 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasses from the Old Testament and placed them in an appendix.

The Psalter of the Clementine Vulgate, like that of almost all earlier editions, is the Gallicanum.

The Clementine Vulgate of 1592 became the standard Bible text of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church until 1979, when the Nova Vulgata was promulgated.

Newer critical editions, 1889

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After the publication of the Clementine Vulgate, few critical editions were published. In 1734 Vallarsi published a corrected edition of the Vulgate. Most other later editions limited themselves to the New Testament, most notably Fleck’s edition of 1840, Constantin von Tischendorf’s edition of 1864, and the Oxford edition of Bishop John Wordsworth and Henry Julian White in 1889.

In 1907 Pope Pius X commissioned the monks of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Jerome in Rome to prepare a critical edition of Jerome’s Vulgate as a basis for a revision of the Clementine. Only the Old Testament was ever completed, which however complemented the New Testament edition of Wordsworth and White; the fruit of this labour led to the creation of the Nova Vulgata. The Benedictine critical edition was used as a basis for much of the Old Testament of the Stuttgart Vulgate.

Stuttgart Edition, 1969

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This Vulgate was first published in 1969 (5th edition, 2007) by the German Bible Society (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft), based in Stuttgart. This edition, alternatively titled Biblia Sacra Vulgata or Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem (ISBN 3438053039 and ISBN 1598561782 for North America), is a “manual edition” in that it reduces much of the information in the big multi-volume critical editions that preceded it into a single compact volume. It is based on earlier critical editions of the Vulgate,[37][38][39][40][41] including the Benedictine edition and the Latin New Testament produced by Wordsworth and White, which provided variant readings from the diverse manuscripts and printed editions of the Vulgate and comparison of different wordings in their footnotes. The Stuttgart Vulgate attempts, through critical comparison of important, historical manuscripts of the Vulgate, to recreate an early text, cleansed of the scribal errors of a millennium.

Nova Vulgata, 1979

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След публикуването на клементинската Вулгата следват няколко критични издания. През 1734 г. Валарси публикува пълно коригирано издание на Вулгата. Повечето от последвалите издания съдържат само Новия завет. Между тях са изданията на Флек (1840), Тишендорф (1864) и оксфордското издание на Уърдсуърт и Вайт (1889).

Novum Testamentum Latine, 1992

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In 1984 and 1992 Kurt and Barbara Aland published the Novum Testamentum Latine (ISBN 1-598-56175-8). The text is a reprint of the New Testament of the Nova Vulgata to which has been added a critical apparatus giving the variant readings of earlier editions. The editions described in the apparatus are the Stuttgart edition, the Gutenberg Bible, the Latin text of the Complutensian Polyglot, the edition from Wittenberg (which was favored by Luther), the editions of Desiderius Erasmus, Robertus Stephanus, Hentenius of Louvain, Christophorus Plantinus, Pope Sixtus V, Pope Clement VIII, and Wordsworth and White.

This new edition of the Novum Testamentum Latine is an updating of an older publication of the same name from 1906, which presented the Clementine Vulgate text with a critical apparatus comparing it to the editions of Sixtus V (1590), Wordsworth and White, Lachman (1842), and Tischendorf (1854), as well as the manuscripts Codex Amiatinus and Codex Fuldensis.